Занятия для детей с умственной отсталостью: Коррекционные занятия для детей с умственной отсталостью

План-конспект на тему: Дефектологическое занятие с детьми с ограниченными возможностями здоровья (легкой умственной отсталостью)

Дефектологическое занятие с детьми с ограниченными 

возможностями здоровья (легкой умственной отсталостью)

Дефектолог: Пермякова Людмила Владимировна

Муниципальное бюджетное образовательное учреждение детский сад ком-пенсирующего вида № 81 г. Ангарска, Иркутская область.

Возраст детей 6 -7 лет (Четвертый год обучения)

Предметная область: «Познавательное развитие», «Речевое развитие»

Основная адаптированная общеобразовательная программа МБДОУ дет-ский сад компенсирующего вида №81 разработана на основе программы дошкольных образовательных учреждений компенсирующего вида для детей с нарушением интеллекта «Коррекционно – развивающее обучение и воспитание» Е.А.Екжановой, Е.А.Стребелевой.

Характеристика группы детей: Группа четвертого года обучения. Спи-сочный состав группы №2 — 13 человек, все дети с ограниченными возможностями здоровья. Для всех воспитанников группы характерен сниженный уровень познавательного интереса; преобладает конкретное, стереотипное, малопродуктивное, тугоподвижное мышление; восприятие характеризуется замедленным темпом — требуется больше времени, чтобы воспринять картинку, текст, воспитанники не понимают внутренних связей между частями, персонажами. Восприятие недостаточно дифференцировано. Внимание рассеянное, все виды памяти снижены. Общая и мелкая моторика не соответствует возрастной норме.  В игре наблюдается стереотипность, формальность действий, отсутствует замысел, сюжет однотипен. Продуктивная деятельность вне специально организованного психолого – педагогического процесса отсутствует. Для всех детей характерно системное недоразвитие речи раз-ной степени: часто общее звучание речи непонятно окружающим, активный словарь гораздо ниже пассивного, наблюдается полиморфное нарушение звукопроизношения, нарушение слоговой структуры слов, речь воспитанников изобилует аграмматизмами, лексико – грамматический строй грубо нарушен, связная речь не развита.

 

Тема: «Веселые фигуры»

Предварительная работа: Это итоговое занятия. Предварительно проводилась работа по закреплению названий и признаков геометрических фигур: овал, круг, квадрат, треугольник, прямоугольник, ромб, трапеция. Игры на развитие пространственно – временных представлений, игры на определение количества предметов без предварительного пересчета.

Виды детской деятельности: игровая, коммуникативная, познавательно-исследовательская.

Коррекционно – образовательная задача: Закрепить и обобщить знания детей о геометрических фигурах и их признаках.

Коррекционно – развивающие задачи: Развитие пространственно – временных представлений, зрительного восприятия при работе с разрезными картинками, рядом геометрических фигур, при работе в тетради. Развитие мыслительных операций, через работу с историей – небылице, д/и «лишняя фигура», д/и «цепочка».

 Коррекционно – воспитательная задача: Воспитывать аккуратность и усидчивость при работе в тетради, умение внимательно слушать ответы товарищей.

Оборудование: 6 тарелочек с разрезными картинками разной конфигурции, картина «времена года», 7 зайчат, платок, 1 круг, 1 квадрат, 2 синих треугольника, 4 зеленых треугольника – у каждого, схема зайца, наборное полотно, геометрические фигуры, «найди отличия – зайчата», картинка для игры «лишняя фигура», тетради (квадрат на четыре части), карандаши, 6 картинок для игры найди ошибку в цепочке.

 

Ход занятия:

 

Организационный момент: Здравствуйте, ребята. Проходите садитесь на свои места. У вас лежат на тарелочках картинки, вам надо их собрать (картинки времена года, у каждого разные). Дифференцированная работа: Данил, Люба – 4 элемента разной конфигурации, Влад, Андрей – 4 эле-мента с прямыми углами, Дима, Егор – 6 элементов разной конфигурации.

— Что нарисовано на картинке? (времена года) Какое время года (спрашиваю у каждого)? Какое у нас сейчас время года? Какое закончилось, какое наступит, затем какое? 

— Ребята, у кого весной день рождения (у Димы)

2. Основная часть: 

— Проблемная ситуация

— Ребята, послушайте, а бывает ли так: Выхожу я на улицу весной, а вокруг листопад: красные, желтые, синие листочки опадают. В лесу медведь в спячку впал, птицы улетели на юг. А из-под снега виднеются первые цветы – одуванчики.

— Что перепутал автор? О каких временах года рассказ? Бывают ли синие листочки? А какой первый цветок – появляется из – под снега?

— Ребята, к нам в гости пришли зайчата. А что с ними не так? (они белые, вместо серых)

— Сколько зайчат? (определение без пересчета/ счет шепотом) (сначала 4, затем 6, затем 7)

— Д/и «Найди отличия» (два зайца)

— Давайте сделаем своего весеннего зайца из геометрических фигур (раз-даю фигурки на тарелочках). Посмотрите на схему (выполнение зайца). Из каких фигур сделали? Сколько кругов, квадратов, синих треугольников, зеленых треугольников?

— Давайте отпустим наших зайчиков в лес.

— Работа с фигурами:

— Посмотрите на доску, что перед вами? (геометрические фигуры)

— Сколько фигур? Назовите их? Какая первая, третья, последняя? Какая стоит между, справа/слева от?

— Назови лишнюю фигуру:

• Круг – треугольник – ромб

• Квадрат – треугольник – ромб

• Круг – овал – прямоугольник

• Картина из геометрических фигур

3. Пальчиковая гимнастика, физ. минутка:

Мы на плечи руки ставим,  Начинам их вращать,  Так осан-ку мы исправим,  Один-2-3-4-5! Чтоб получше нам размяться,

 Будем ниже наклоняться.

 Наклоняемся вперед,

 А потом наоборот. Вот еще одно заданье-

 Выполняем приседанья.

 Не ленитесь приседать!

 Один -2-3-4-5!

Мы 7 раз в ладоши хлопнем, 8 раз но-гами топнем

Мы попрыгаем немного

 И пройдемся по дороге

 За столы садимся дружно

 Нам теперь учиться нужно

Будем пальчики считать – 1,2,3,4,5. И фигуры называть.

Вот квадрат, а вот и круг, треугольник и ромб, а еще прямоугольник.

Их не трудно посчитать, их по счету ровно пять.

4. Заключительная работа:

— Работа в тетради

В правом верхнем углу нарисуй фигуру, у которой три угла, в правом нижнем – фигуру, у которой нет углов; в левом верхнем – фигуру, у кото-рой все стороны равны; в левом нижнем – фигуру, у которой четыре угла.

— Найди ошибку в цепочки, исправь (детям предлагаются каждому листы с цепочкой, необходимо найти ошибку и исправить)

5. Итог — рефлексия:

— Ребята, кто сегодня приходил к нам в гости? Когда мы строили зайца, какие фигуры мы использовали? Сейчас каждый, по очереди, назовет одну геометрическую фигуру – важно не повторятся.

Рефлексия: Спасибо, молодцы! 

 

90000 Mentally Retarded Children: Types, Characteristics & Treatment 90001 90002 Last Updated on 90003 June 1, 2020 90004 90005 90002 The World Health Organisation (WHO) has estimated that as many as 10-20% of all children and adolescents have some form of mental disability, with half of them occurring by the age of 14. Parenting itself is a tough job, and those with children who are intellectually disabled can be in a difficult spot. However, due to the negative stigma attached, most people are unaware that there are different degrees of intellectual disability, which we shall discuss in this article.We will also shed some light on the issues involved in dealing with children with intellectual disability and how you can help intellectually-abled children lead a better life. 90005 90008 What Is Intellectual Disability? 90009 90002 This classification is given to children with poor IQ, typically in the range of 70-75 or less. They have low adaptive behaviour or daily living skills (eating, dressing, communication and social skills they are slower than their peers in acquiring life skills such as speech development or logic.90005 90008 Types of Intellectual Disability in Kids 90009 90002 Intellectual disability has been stereotyped by movies and television shows. They have made people believe that a mentally disabled person is slow and dim-witted, often ridiculed as the village idiot. In reality, this disability is nuanced with different scales of limitation, and there is room for improvement for those afflicted. 90005 90002 90005 90002 Here are the different levels of intellectual disability: 90005 90020 90021 90022 90023 Mild Intellectual Disability: 90024 90025 More than 85% of kids with the disability fall in this category and have no trouble until shortly before high school.With an IQ of around 50-69, they are sometimes unable to grasp abstract concepts but can, by and large, learn at a considerably fast rate and function independently. 90026 90022 90025 90029 90030 90021 90032 90022 90023 Moderate Intellectual Disability: 90024 90025 Falling under the IQ range of 36-49, they constitute about 10% of the children that are afflicted with intellectual disability. These children can be integrated into society as they can pick up speech and essential life skills; however, their academic performance is likely to be dismal, and they would perform poorly in school.These children can have some amount of autonomy but can not remain independent for a long duration. 90030 90021 90032 90022 90023 Severe Intellectual Disability: 90024 90025 With an IQ of 20-35, these kids are in a minority of 3-4%. Through extensive training, kids with severe intellectual disability may be able to learn necessary life skills, but because they have an abnormal development, they would need frequent assistance. 90030 90021 90032 90022 90023 Profound Intellectual Disability: 90024 90025 This is the most severe form of disability and is also the rarest, with only 1-2% of mentally challenged children constituting this group.They have IQ less that 20. They are severely handicapped and require extensive supervision due to poor life skills. However, with regular training and setting a routine, they may be able to pick up some essential skills. 90030 90052 90008 Causes of Intellectual Disability in Children 90009 90002 Although most causes of intellectual disability can not be identified, there are some that can be related to this disability. Some of them are: 90005 90020 90021 90022 90023 Genetic: 90024 90025 Over 30% of mental retardation is attributed to genetics.These children are likely to suffer from problems such as Down Syndrome and fragile X syndrome. 90030 90021 90032 90022 90023 Head Trauma: 90024 90025 A severe head injury can cause inflammation in the brain. This can change the mental state of the child and lead to difficulties in memory, attention and reasoning. 90030 90021 90032 90022 90023 Pregnancy-Related Issues: 90024 90025 Pregnant women who do recreational drugs, smoke and drink alcohol can severely affect the brain development of the foetus.90030 90021 90032 90022 90023 Illness: 90024 90025 Children suffering from measles can develop encephalitis, which causes intellectual disabilities. Infants suffering from congenital hyperthyroidism are also at the risk of poor brain development. 90030 90021 90032 90022 90023 Exposure 90024 90025 90022 90023 t 90024 90025 90022 90023 o Toxic Materials: 90024 90025 Elements such as mercury, lead and cadmium are known to affect intellectual growth and cause intellectual disability.90030 90021 Many cases of intellectual disability are due to unknown aetiology. 90030 90052 90008 Signs and Symptoms of Intellectual Disability in Children 90009 90002 Not every child is the same. Thus, even children with intellectual disability show different signs and symptoms. These signs depend completely on the level of their disability. The most important thing in children with an intellectual disability is their inability to navigate the tasks of daily living, and participation in family, school, and community activities.Other symptoms and signs of intellectual disability in children: 90005 90020 90021 Difficulty in articulating a point 90030 90021 Learning speech at a slower rate 90030 90021 Misplacing objects 90030 90021 Having trouble remembering things 90030 90021 Poor academic performance 90030 90021 Overall low intelligence 90030 90021 Poor performance in IQ tests 90030 90021 Particular attention required to learn simple skills 90030 90021 Have trouble putting on clothes 90030 90052 90002 Other than these, intellectually disabled children also show behavioural symptoms like — 90005 90020 90021 Aggression 90030 90021 Depression 90030 90021 Anxiety 90030 90021 A tendency to inflict injury on self 90030 90021 Are impulsive 90030 90021 Have suicidal thoughts 90030 90021 Have poor interpersonal relationships 90030 90021 Depend excessively on parents 90030 90021 Are unable to respond to situations in a measured manner 90030 90021 Have a low attention span 90030 90052 90008 Characteristics of Intellectually Disabled Children 90009 90002 Intellectually disabled, also known as differently-abled children, portray the following characteristics: 90005 90002 90005 90020 90021 90032 90022 90023 Bad Memory: 90024 90025 These kids have a short-term memory recall.However, when doing a task repeatedly, they can recall information without displaying any symptoms of mental retardation. 90030 90021 90032 90022 90023 Slow Learning Curve: 90024 90025 Their ability to process new information is relatively lower than the normal, but that does not mean they are incapable of learning. Some educationists are of the view that slowing down the speed of instructions can help in better reception of information. 90030 90021 90022 90023 Attention Deficiency: 90024 90025 They are unable to sustain their attention for too long on a single task.A good way of tackling this deficiency is by making them aware of the most crucial aspect of their work and then building their attention from thereon. 90030 90021 90032 90022 90023 Disinterest: 90024 90025 Due to repeated failures, some children do not trust their skills, even if they are correct. Over time, they lose faith in their abilities and become disinterested in learning. 90030 90021 90032 90022 90023 Independent Living: 90024 90025 On the brighter side, children with special needs can be trained in repetitive tasks which they can master over time.This can help them stay independent for a short duration of time and also prepare them for adulthood. 90030 90021 90032 90022 90023 Inability to Restrain Emotions: 90024 90025 As children grow older, they can give measured responses when they come face-to-face with unknown situations. Children with mental disabilities are unable to do this and may respond unpredictably, usually displaying aggression. Once the episode is over, they can sense that they have misbehaved and are capable of feeling like they are a burden.90030 90021 90032 90022 90023 Social Development: 90024 90025 Due to bizarre outbursts and poor language skills, they may be unable to have healthy social interactions. 90030 90021 90032 90022 90023 Application of New Ideas: 90024 90025 They are unable to incorporate any newly acquired skills innovatively. 90030 90052 90008 Diagnosis of Intellectual Disability 90009 90002 There a few ways to diagnose intellectual disability in kids. Blood tests, urine tests and imaging can be done if there are physical abnormalities.Other tests, like the ones given below, are done to gauge skills like reasoning, language, cognitive, etc. Here’s a brief of the different tests that can help identify the level of intellectual disability in a child: 90005 90020 90021 90022 90023 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: 90024 90025 This test gauges quantitative reasoning, knowledge, fluid reasoning, visual-spatial processing and memory. It is one of the primary tests that identify learning disorders in children. 90030 90021 90032 90022 90023 Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children: 90024 90025 This test is used to assess the cognitive development of a child.The types of tests carried out are wide-ranging and vary based on the age of the child. This test is not a stand-alone test, meaning that the results of this analysis must be seen in conjunction with other tests. 90030 90021 90032 90022 90023 Bayley Scale of Infant Development: 90024 90025 This is a standardised test for infants between 1-42 months of age, wherein the child’s motor, language and cognitive skills are tested. This test can help to screen out children who are prone to having development problems in the future.90030 90021 DSM 5 Diagnostic Criteria — Its components are reasoning, problem-solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgement, academic learning and learning from experience. In this test, a score of 65 to 75, is indicated as Intellectual disability. 90030 90052 90008 Treatment of Intellectual Disability 90009 90002 There is no medical «cure» for intellectual disability. However, there are therapies with the help of which you can enrich the lives of intellectually disabled children and help them live a pleasant childhood.Read on to know some of them. 90005 90002 90005 90020 90021 90022 Replacement: 90025 Replacement of deficient molecules like thyroxine, Enzyme replacement in MPS etc is the most important treatment intervention. 90030 90021 90022 90023 Stem Cell Therapy: 90024 90025 This therapy can be beneficial for children who have Down Syndrome. While it can not eliminate the disability, it can help repair any damaged cells that affect their cognitive abilities. Post the treatment, a considerable improvement in the cognitive abilities has been observed in several children who have Down Syndrome.90030 90021 90032 90022 90023 Acupuncture 90024 90025: Studies have shown that children who are given this form of treatment saw a marked increase in their IQ scores and observed improved social skills as well. 90030 90021 90032 90022 90023 Home Schooling: 90024 90025 As the pace of learning is slow, homeschooling is a good option where the child can thrive in a protected environment. If the child has better auditory skills than visual, the entire learning experience can be changed based on the child’s needs.This flexibility would not be available in schools. 90030 90021 90032 90022 90023 Special Needs Schools: 90024 90025 These schools are specially made for children with disabilities to study under the same roof. The classes are conducted at a slower pace, and hence the children can grasp concepts quickly and apply them in their day-to-day lives. 90030 90052 90008 Prevention of Intellectual Disability 90009 90002 Most cases of intellectual disability are genetic; however, there are some cases wherein the parents have had the ability to prevent it.Here are some ways you could prevent intellectual disability in your child: 90005 90020 90021 Pregnant women should avoid doing drugs, smoking or drinking as it can lead to neural defects in the foetus. 90030 90021 Children should be immunised against diseases that cause mental disorders such as measles. 90030 90021 Women suffering from hyperthyroidism need to get treated as it can also lead to a foetus with neural defects. 90030 90052 90008 Problems Faced by Intellectually Disabled Children 90009 90002 Intellectual disability majorly affects the overall development of the child.He / she may find it challenging to cope with several problems as well which are not only related to the development of the brain but also include psychological and social issues. Here are some common challenges faced by intellectually disabled children: 90005 90020 90021 90022 90023 Social Isolation: 90024 90025 Perceived as slow, these kids are often ostracised by their peers. All it takes is one rumour, and most kids would start avoiding a mentally disabled child. Not just them, even the ones who try to befriend them are ridiculed.90030 90021 90032 90022 90023 Bullying: 90024 90025 Many kids with disabilities are bullied by their peers and are often called unflattering names. Most of these cases occur due to hatred, contempt and lack of patience and empathy towards the intellectually disabled children. 90030 90021 90032 90022 90023 Low Self-Esteem: 90024 90025 Consistently poor academic performance can have a negative impact on the psyche of intellectually disabled children. Complex topics might be difficult to grasp for any child; however, poor academic performance in subjects that their peers outclass them easily may make them have a low opinion of themselves.90030 90021 90032 90022 90023 Loneliness: 90024 90025 Due to social isolation and bullying, many children with mental disabilities suffer from loneliness. 90030 90021 90032 90022 90023 Medical Problems: 90024 90025 Children who suffer from profound mental retardation are likely to have other health complications as well. These could include reduced vision, hearing issues, poor motor function, etc., which may be present from birth or develop eventually during the growth years. 90030 90052 90008 Parenting Tips to Help Raise a Child With Intellectual Disability 90009 90002 Parents can play a significant role in treating and raising a child with an intellectual disability.Here are a few tips to help build a differently-abled child: 90005 90002 90005 90020 90021 90022 90023 Encourage Independence: 90024 90025 Children with mental disabilities have a slow learning curve. A parent telling their child that he / she can not do anything will make him even more dependent and foster low self-esteem. One method to make kids independent is by breaking down complex tasks / ideas into simple ones and encouraging children to do them independently. Allow them as much time as they need and be patient through the entire task.90030 90021 90022 90023 Follow Up On Academic Progress: 90024 90025 Be active at parent-teacher meetings to find out what the strengths and weaknesses of your child are. Parent-teacher conferences can be an excellent forum through which you can keep track of your child’s development. Always strive for a healthy exchange of ideas with the teachers to bring about the much-required development in your child. 90030 90021 90022 90023 Let the Child Socialise: 90024 90025 Many parents limit their child’s interactions with others in a bid to protect them.Then, there are some who wish to avoid unpleasant situations. While these are legitimate reasons, making a child socially active would foster a sense of normalcy. So, let your socialise and even fight his / her own battles. 90030 90021 90022 90023 Support Groups and Networking: 90024 90025 Taking care of a child with disabilities is difficult for parents. The stress could lead to arguments and put them in a depressive state of mind. It can be helpful to know that there are other parents out there who are going through the same ordeal.Networking helps parents a lot, as it not just acts as a support group, but also becomes a place where parents can share their experiences and ideas to come up with new ways of raising kids with intellectual disabilities. 90030 90021 90022 90023 Educate Yourself: 90024 90025 Raising a mentally challenged child may be difficult, and counselling sessions with experts can help in overcoming these difficulties. Even if you are unable to meet an expert, you can refer to some books that can help you deal with certain issues parents face with their intellectually disabled kids.Here are some good books that can help you deal with intellectually disabled children: 90020 90021 When Your Child Has Disabilities by M.L. Batshaw 90030 90021 A Parent’s and Teacher’s Guide to the Special Needs Child by Darrell M. Parker 90030 90021 Caring for your disabled child by Benjamin Spock. 90030 90052 90030 90052 90020 90021 90022 90023 Routine: 90024 90025 Develop a habit that can be followed by your child. School can be stressful, and a safe environment at home with a predictable routine can help them feel secure.Routines also help intellectually disabled children get used to and build the skills that they can use in their adulthood. 90030 90021 90022 90023 Praise and Reward: 90024 90025 Due to the challenges the intellectually disabled children face every day, low self-esteem issues are typical, and they need constant appreciation and affection to overcome this issue. Encouragement through a reward system can help boost their self-confidence. However, avoid any negative punishments as it is likely to demotivate them.90030 90021 90022 90023 Behaviour Management: 90024 90025 Children with mental disabilities may find it difficult to cope with certain situations. It is essential that they do not dwell on their inability to comprehend things. Diverting their mind would be a good idea in such situations. Something as simple as giving them headphones and making them listen to music or playing their favourite game would help in diverting their mind. 90030 90052 90002 Many children who have intellectual challenges have, in time, learned to overcome their disability and live near-normal lives.Even in the most difficult cases, children have responded well to proper treatment with many showing a semblance of normalcy. 90005 90002 References: Webmd 90005 90002 90022 Also Read: 90025 How to Deal with Dizziness in Children 90005 .90000 Mental Retardation In Children — Symptoms & Treatment 90001 90002 There is not anything more heartbreaking than witnessing your child suffer because of mental challenges. At such a delicate time, you may ask, what makes a child mentally retarded? Probably, you notice that your child can not complete simple tasks, and is easily agitated by life events. We attempt to support you in such a situation through this post. 90003 90002 Here, we talk about the common factors that lead to mental retardation in children and how to cope with the situation.90003 90006 What Is Mental Retardation? 90007 90002 Mental retardation is an intellectual disability that appears in children at a tender age. Such children posses a lower-than average intelligence, cognitive ability and social skills. 90003 90002 Mentally retarded children suffer from poor impulse control and react to simple situations aggressively. Due to the poor IQ levels, such children are easily agitated and frustrated by complex life events (1). 90003 90002 90013 [Read: Mental Illness In Children] 90014 90003 90006 Types Of Mental Retardation In Children: 90007 90002 There are four broad categories of mental retardation depending upon the severity of the disorder.90003 90020 1. Mild Mental Retardation: 90021 90022 90023 Approximately 8 out of 10 mentally challenged children fall into the mildly retarded category. 90024 90025 90022 90023 The IQ score of afflicted children ranges from 50-75, and they can pursue their academic skills of the primary grade. 90024 90025 90022 90023 The afflicted child can take a longer to learn the communication skills, but once trained properly can communicate well with others. 90024 90025 90022 90023 Some of the common traits of the mildly retarded child are a problem with writing and reading, unable to take decisions, and socially immature.90024 90025 90022 90023 Mildly retarded children can live a self-sufficient and independent lifestyle with optimum social and parent support. 90024 90025 90020 2. Moderate Mental Retardation: 90021 90022 90023 About 10% of the mentally retarded children fall into the category of moderate retardation. 90024 90025 90022 90023 The IQ score of such children may lie between 35-55. 90024 90025 90022 90023 The afflicted child can perform self-care tasks like bathing, eating and going out under parental supervision and guidance.90024 90025 90022 90023 The child can learn the basic writing, reading and counting skills. 90024 90025 90022 90023 Although the child seems to be a slow learner, she can take part in simple day-to-day tasks. 90024 90025 90022 90023 When they acquire communication skills at a tender age, they can live a functional life, but within a supervised environment like a group home. 90024 90025 90020 3. Severe Mental Retardation: 90021 90022 90023 About 3-5% of the mentally retarded children fall into the category of severe retardation.90024 90025 90022 90023 The IQ score of severely retarded children lies between 20-40. 90024 90025 90022 90023 They can master some of the basic self-care activities and communication skills. 90024 90025 90022 90023 Most severely retarded children have to live in a group home. 90024 90025 90020 4. Profound Mental Retardation: 90021 90022 90023 Only 1-2% of mentally retarded children fall into the category of the profoundly retarded. 90024 90025 90022 90023 They have the IQ score lying below 20-25.90024 90025 90022 90023 They can learn basic communication and self-care skills under proper support and training. 90024 90025 90022 90023 Your child gets afflicted with profound mental retardation when she undergoes a neurological disorder (2). 90024 90025 90002 90013 [Read: Bipolar Disorder In Children] 90014 90003 90006 Causes Of Mental Retardation In Children: 90007 90002 Mental retardation exists in children who have under-developed brains, which do not function at a normal level.And, here we list some underlying causes of mental retardation in children: 90003 90020 1. Genetic Factors: 90021 90022 90023 Around 3 out of 10 of mentally retarded children suffer from hereditary issues. 90024 90025 90022 90023 Inheriting abnormal genes from either parent, such children acquire the fragile X syndrome that results in a chromosomal defect. 90024 90025 90022 90023 Your child can get afflicted with Phenylketonuria (PKU), which again is a Single-gene defect and occurs after the childbirth.90024 90025 90022 90023 Due to unwanted mutation during the genetic development, your child can become mentally retarded. 90024 90025 90020 2. Parental Illnesses: 90021 90022 90023 Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is one of the alarming factors, which can lead to reduced intellectual ability. 90024 90025 90022 90023 During the first trimester of pregnancy, if you take illegal drugs or alcohol your baby can get afflicted with such syndrome. Researchers conclude that even moderate alcohol intake during pregnancy can lead to learning disabilities in children.90024 90025 90022 90023 Additionally, cigarette smoking has also been closely associated with mental retardation. 90024 90025 90022 90023 When you suffer from maternal infections like rubella, toxoplasmosis, glandular disorders or cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, your unborn child can become afflicted with mental retardation. 90024 90025 90022 90023 During pregnancy, if you have a high blood pressure (hypertension), the blood flow to the unborn fetus gets disturbed and leads to the improper development of the brain.90024 90025 90022 90023 Certain birth defects can also lead to physical deformities in your newborn’s brain, head, and central nervous system that can result in causing mental retardation. 90024 90025 90022 90023 If your child suffers from neural tube defect in which the formation of the spinal cord seems to be improper, the cerebrospinal fluid gets accumulated inside her skull, and she suffers from learning impairment. 90024 90025 90020 3. Childhood Injuries Or Illnesses: 90021 90022 90023 Some of the critical childhood illnesses like chickenpox, measles, whooping cough, and hyperthyroidism can lead to mental retardation if they are left untreated for a longer time span.90024 90025 90022 90023 The infectious brain diseases like meningitis or encephalitis can impose unwanted swelling in the brain, which can lead to brain damage and mental retardation. 90024 90025 90022 90023 Traumatic brain injury that can occur during sudden road accidents or fall from greater heights can cause mental retardation in children. 90024 90025 90020 4. Environmental Factors: 90021 90022 90023 When you neglect or ignore the upbringing process of your growing baby, she may not acquire the requisite mental and physical stimulation.In such scenario, she may suffer from learning impairment, which can lead to mental retardation. 90024 90025 90022 90023 Children who are suffering from malnutrition, facing child abuse, living in poverty or unhealthy living conditions, or not getting adequate medical care can become mentally retarded at their tender age. 90024 90025 90022 90023 Higher exposure to toxic chemicals like lead or mercury can lead to mental retardation in children. 90024 90025 90006 Symptoms Of Mental Retardation In Children: 90007 90002 Some of the common symptoms of mental retardation in children include: 90003 90022 90023 Inability to meet the normal intellectual standards 90024 90025 90022 90023 Sitting, walking, or crawling at a later age 90024 90025 90022 90023 Inability to understand simple things 90024 90025 90022 90023 Unable to think logically 90024 90025 90022 90023 Inability to take decisions alone 90024 90025 90022 90023 Slow to master day to day activities like dressing, potty training or eating alone 90024 90025 90002 Mentally retarded children can often exhibit some of the following behavioral symptoms: 90003 90022 90023 Tendency toward self-injury 90024 90025 90022 90023 Withdrawal from social activities 90024 90025 90002 90013 [Read: ADHD In Children] 90014 90003 90006 Characteristics Of Mentally Retarded Children: 90007 90002 Deficits in learning new things and poor cognitive functioning are s ome of the common behavioral traits of mentally retarded children.Such a child will have a poor memory, attention problems, and slow learning rates. Let us take a look at the characteristics of mentally retarded children: 90003 90020 1. Poor Memory: 90021 90022 90023 Children with intellectual disability find difficult to remember information, such as names, phone numbers and small details. 90024 90025 90022 90023 According to the severity of retardation, the child suffers from mild to severe cognitive impairment, which reflects through her memorizing ability.90024 90025 90022 90023 Researchers conclude that mentally retarded children often have a short-term memory, and they can not recall the simple event that occurred a few seconds or minutes back. 90024 90025 90020 2. Slow Learning Rate: 90021 90022 90023 The rate, at which the mentally retarded child learns new skills and knowledge, lies far below a normal healthy child. 90024 90025 90022 90023 Such a child may need regular [parental assistance to perform the daily activities. 90024 90025 90022 90023 As the child has a poor learning rate, the parents need to repeat the instructions for several times, until she understands it clearly.90024 90025 90020 3. Poor Attention: 90021 90022 90023 The mentally retarded child has a weak concentration power, and she can not focus on the activities with utmost attention. 90024 90025 90022 90023 Due to poor attention, she can not attain a higher education at the later stage of life. 90024 90025 90020 4. Lack Of Interest: 90021 90022 90023 Some of the mentally retarded children exhibit an apparent lack of interest in problem-solving tasks. 90024 90025 90022 90023 Due to repeated failure, they lose hope and thereby withdraw interests from social activities.90024 90025 90006 Diagnosing Mental Retardation In Children: 90007 90002 For intellectual disability, there can be different underlying causes for the condition in your child. 90003 90022 90023 When your baby suffers from physical abnormalities that indicate a metabolic or genetic disorder, the doctor may recommend for several tests. It may include urine tests, blood tests, imaging tests (for diagnosing structural problems in the brain) or electroencephalogram (EEG) to diagnose symptoms of seizures.90024 90025 90022 90023 If your child exhibits slow development rate or learning skills, the doctor conducts few medical tests to diagnose problems like hearing issues or neurological disorders. 90024 90025 90006 Treating Mentally Retarded Children: 90007 90002 The government entitles your mentally deprived child to undergo individualized education and skills training, at the special schools. Children above the age of three years can attend such schools and acquire the early intervention programs.The training primarily makes the mentally retarded child master some basic day to day skills like feeding, eating the food, recognizing alphabets and numbers, and to communicate with others. Some of the unique social and extracurricular activities help in boosting the self-esteem of the child. 90003 90002 The level of training dep [ends upon the severity of the retardation. The mildly retarded child may need less support or assistance to live independently or perform different tasks. While the moderate to profoundly retarded children have to reside in the supervised community and live under strict supervision.90003 90002 Family therapy helps the parents of the mentally retarded child to cope up with the situation. They can handle their child with utmost ease. It is imperative for the parents to create a supportive and homely environment that can make the child feel courageous and motivated. 90003 90002 90013 [Read: Tips To Handle Hyperactive Children] 90014 90003 90006 Preventing Mental Retardation In Children: 90007 90002 Here are some of the useful tips that may keep your child protected from mental retardation: 90003 90022 90023 It is vital for your growing child to get all the requisite immunization for harmful infectious diseases like measles and chicken pox, at the predefined age.Some of these infectious diseases can hamper the brain functioning of your child and lead to mental retardation. 90024 90025 90022 90023 Your growing kid needs to undergo developmental screening, conducted by the pediatric specialist. Such testing helps in treating malnourished children so that they can get requisite nutrients for their development process. 90024 90025 90022 90023 Proper prenatal care can also help small children to overcome mental retardation. During pregnancy, the mother should remain educated about the risks of drug usage and alcohol consumption.They should lead a healthy lifestyle, for the betterment of their unborn baby. The pregnant mother should undergo routine health checkups and Ultrasonography test, to ascertain healthy development of the fetus in her womb. 90024 90025 90006 Common Problems Faced by Parents Of Intellectually Retarded Children: 90007 90022 90023 Raising a mentally retarded child requires significant emotional flexibility and strength. As your child needs special care, you need to pay close attention to his basic needs like caregiving, medical acre, day to day assistance, and educational responsibility.90024 90025 90022 90023 Parents of intellectually retarded children often experience a gamut of mental trauma like depression, hopelessness, and sorrow. The constant fight to raise the child can make them addicted to alcohol use or smoking. 90024 90025 90022 90023 The parents often feel physically exhausted, as they have to work excessively to fulfill all the necessities of their child. Since the child can not perform his daily activities independently, the parents have to remain constantly involved in their life.90024 90025 90022 90023 Parents of the mentally retarded child have to face complex problems related to child’s education. 90024 90025 90022 90023 Raising a mentally retarded child can be far more expensive that upbringing a healthy child. Parents have to spend extra bucks on his education, training, counseling, and medical car (4). 90024 90025 90006 What Can Parents Do To Help The Mentally Retarded Child? 90007 90002 Here are some of the useful parenting tips, which may help you in upbringing a mentally retarded child: 90003 90022 90023 Learn everything about intellectual disabilities through various sources, so that you can take care of your retarded child, in a profound manner.90024 90025 90022 90023 Encourage your afflicted child to try new things in her life. Never scold her or demotivate her, when she performs a thing inaccurately. It is better to encourage your kid’s independence, and let her learn new skill slowly. Provide requisite guidance and give positive feedback, so that you child feels motivated and can perform simple activities independently. 90024 90025 90022 90023 Make your mentally retarded child take part in different group activities like singing, dancing, or painting.It may help building her social skills, and she can master the things slowly. 90024 90025 90022 90023 Always stay involved in your child’s life and try to follow her progress rate at schools. It allows you to keep a track of your child’s learning rate and you can encourage her to try new things in her life. 90024 90025 90022 90023 Join a community or a group that comprises of other guardians of intellectually disabled children. By meeting such people, you can get the best advice and emotional support.90024 90025 90022 90023 Learn about different strategies that may help you manage your child’s behavior. It may include: chatting, offering rewards, time-out, or ignoring certain behaviors. 90024 90025 90022 90023 Using such strategies you can build a stronger bonding with your retarded child. 90024 90025 90022 90023 Pay close attention to your child’s aggressive behaviors. If required, take your child to counselors who can help your kid overcome anger, frustration and feel positive about himself.90024 90025 90002 Are you a proud parent of a mentally retarded child? How did you cope up with your child’s behavior? Share your parenting tips with other mommies here! 90003 90020 90383 Disclaimer: 90384 90021 90002 90383 The article is intended for information purposes, and not to offend anyone. 90384 90003 90390 Recommended Articles: 90391 Was this information helpful? .90000 Mental Retardation — Causes of mental retardation, Preventive measures — Emotional Development, Retarded, and Children 90001 90002 90003 Below-average intellectual abilities that are present before the age of 18 and interfere with developmental processes and with the ability to function normally in daily life (adaptive behavior). 90004 90005 90003 The term mental retardation is commonly used to refer to people with an 90007 intelligence 90008 quotient (IQ) below70. An IQ of 80-130 is considered the 90007 normal 90008 range, and 100 is considered average.According to the definition in the American Psychiatric Association’s 90011 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 90012 (DSM-IV), a mentally retarded person is significantly limited in at least two of the following areas: self-care, communication, home living, social / interpersonal skills , self-direction, use of community resources, functional academic skills, work, leisure, health, and safety. Mental retardation affects roughly 1% of the American population. According to the U.S. Department of Education, about 11% of school-aged children were enrolled in 90007 special education 90008 programs for students with mental retardation.90004 90003 There are four categories of mental retardation: mild, moderate, severe, and profound. The roughly 80% of retarded persons who are classified as mildly retarded have an IQ between 50 or 55 and 70. Mild retardation, which may not be detected in early 90007 childhood 90008, usually involves little sensorimotor impairment. Persons in this category can be educated up to a sixth-grade level. With adequate vocational guidance, they can live and work productively in the community as adults, either independently or with some degree of supervision.90004 90003 About 10% of retarded persons are classified as moderately retarded, with IQs generally between 35 and 50. Although they usually do not progress beyond the second-grade level academically, as adults they can take care of themselves within supervised settings and perform unskilled or semiskilled work. 90004 90003 Persons with severe retardation, who account for 3-4% of the retarded population, have serious language and motor impairment. They usually do not speak in early childhood but can learn communication and basic self-care during the school years.Their language skills may be limited to the most basic functional words necessary to meet their daily needs. As adults, they live either with their families, in group homes, or, when necessary, in facilities that can provide skilled medical or nursing care. 90004 90003 Profound retardation, which accounts for 1-2% of the retarded population, is usually associated with a neurological condition. It is characterized by severe sensorimotor difficulties beginning in early childhood and serious long-term limitations on both communication and the 90007 ability 90008 to care for oneself.Some profoundly retarded individuals are never able to speak or to be toilet trained. Most need constant care throughout their lives. 90004 90003 In addition to the categories of mild, moderate, severe, and profound retardation, separate categories are sometimes used to designate those retarded persons who can benefit from some degree of academic training. Those designated «educable mentally retarded» (EMR) can handle academic work at a third-to sixth-grade level, and usually have IQs that fall between 50 and 75.The «trainable mentally retarded» (TMR) have IQs of between 30 and 50 and can progress as far as second-grade level work. It is important to note that IQ scores are not foolproof ways of detecting the abilities and potential of mentally retarded children. Some children with lower IQs ultimately prove to be more capable of leading independent, productive lives than others who score higher. Factors such as emotional support, medical 90007 attention 90008, and vocational training can 90007 play 90008 as great a role as IQ in determining the future of a retarded child.90004 90034 Causes of mental retardation 90035 90003 There are many different causes of mental retardation, both biological and environmental. In about 5% of cases, retardation is transmitted genetically, usually through chromosomal abnormalities, such as 90007 Down syndrome 90008 or fragile X syndrome. Down syndrome occurs when there is an extra chromosome in the 21st pair of chromosomes (known as trisomy 21). People with Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes instead of the normal46. The disorder occurs in one out of every 600-700 births worldwide.Women over 35 are at greater risk of bearing a child with Down syndrome than younger women, and Down syndrome births are over 20 times more likely in women over 45 than in those under the age of 30. Children and adults with Down syndrome demonstrate both mental and motor retardation. Most are severely retarded, with IQs between 20 and 49, and prone to a number of physical problems, including poor 90007 vision 90008, 90007 hearing 90008 and heart defects, and low resistance to respiratory infections.Individuals with Down syndrome (formerly called mongoloidism) also have distinctive physical features, including upward-slanting, almond-shaped eyes and a short, stocky build with a short neck and a smaller than average skull, which is usually flat in back. 90004 90003 Besides Down syndrome, the chromosomal condition that most commonly causes mental retardation is fragile X syndrome, in which a segment of the chromosome that determines gender is abnormal. Fragile X syndrome primarily affects males, in whom the incidence of the condition is 1 in 1,000, as opposed to 1 in 2,500 for females.Males with fragile X syndrome tend to have long, thin faces with prominent ears and jaws, and they often have characteristics of 90007 autism 90008. Some researchers suspect that as many as 15% of people diagnosed with autism actually have fragile X syndrome. About 20% of genetically caused mental retardation results from single gene mutations, including Tay-Sachs disease, phenylketonuria (PKU), and metachromatic leukodystrophy. 90004 90003 Mental retardation may be caused by problems that occur during pregnancy and 90007 birth 90008, including maternal nutritional deficiencies, toxemia, infections such as rubella, maternal phenylketonuria (even if the fetus does not have the condition), use of drugs or alcohol, maternal injury during pregnancy, extreme prematurity, low birth weight, perinatal injury, or lack of oxygen at birth.Retardation can also be the result of medical conditions and injuries that occur after birth, including metabolic disorders, severe childhood malnutrition, prolonged high fever, near drowning, lead poisoning, severe mental disorders such as autism, and infections such as meningitis that affect the 90007 brain 90008. Environmental factors influencing mental retardation include deprivation of physical or emotional nurturance and stimulation. Altogether, there are hundreds of possible causes of, or factors contributing to, mental retardation.90004 90003 Mentally retarded people are more prone to both physical and mental disorders than the general population. Some of the conditions that cause mental retardation may also be characterized by seizures, hearing problems, congenital heart defects, and other symptoms. Mental disorders are much more common among the mentally retarded than among the general population: an estimated one million Americans have some degree of mental retardation as well as a mental disorder of some kind. The most severely retarded appear to be most at risk for mental disorders, and the more severe the retardation the more serious the disorder.Diagnosis and treatment of these disorders can be especially difficult due to communication problems. In addition, 90007 mental illness 90008 in the retarded may also be caused by the stresses, frustrations, and loneliness they encounter in daily life. 90007 Depression 90008, for example, is a common disorder of the mentally retarded, and one that often goes undiagnosed. In spite of their limited intellectual capabilities, retarded children realize that they are different and that other people are often uncomfortable around them.Professional counseling, along with parental love and attention, can help a retarded child maintain a positive self-image, which is crucial to the ability to function effectively with 90007 family 90008, peers, and in the larger community. 90004 90034 Preventive measures 90035 90003 Some types of mental retardation can be prevented through genetic counseling to determine the risk of a couple having a retarded baby. Other prenatal preventative measures include ensuring that a pregnant mother has adequate nutrition and immunization against infectious diseases; monitoring to screen for fetal abnormalities that are associated with mental retardation; and reduced use of drugs and alcohol by women during pregnancy.Following the birth of a child, the chances of retardation can be reduced by maintaining good nutrition for both the nursing mother and the young child; avoiding environmental hazards such as lead; and providing the child with emotional, intellectual, and social stimulation. 90004 90003 Another important preventative measure is early detection of certain metabolic and nutritional conditions that result in mental retardation following a period of degeneration. Screening for certain disorders is mandatory in most states.Hypothyroidism, which affects 1 in 4,000 infants born in the United States, can be prevented if a thyroid hormone is administered by the first month of an infant’s life. However, if the condition goes untreated, it will cause impaired mental development in 20% of affected children by the age of three months, and in 50% by the age of six months. Phenylketonuria (PKU) prevents an infant from metabolizing the amino acid phenyalanine. Reducing the amount of this substance in an infant’s diet can prevent retardation.Infants with galactosemia lack the enzyme needed to convert the sugar galactose to glucose. Avoiding milk and certain other dairy products prevents galactose from accumulating in the blood and eventually interfering with the child’s normal mental development. However, none of the preceding measures can be taken if the conditions involved are not detected, and most are undetectable without screening. 90004 90003 The symptoms of mental retardation are usually evident by a child’s first or second year.In the case of Down syndrome, which involves distinctive physical characteristics, a diagnosis can usually be made shortly after birth. Mentally retarded children lag behind their peers in developmental milestones such as sitting up, smiling, walking, and talking. They often demonstrate lower than normal levels of interest in their 90007 environment 90008 and responsiveness to others, and they are slower than other children in reacting to visual or auditory stimulation. By the time a child reaches the age of two or three, retardation can be determined using physical and psychological tests.Testing is important at this age if a child shows signs of possible retardation because alternate causes, such as impaired hearing, may be found and treated. 90004 90003 There is no cure for mental retardation once it has occurred. Treatment programs are geared toward helping retarded children reach their own full potential, not toward helping them catch up with their peers who are not retarded. Nevertheless, this type of habilitative intervention can prepare most retarded people to lead fulfilling and productive lives as active members of their communities.All states are required by law to offer early intervention programs for mentally retarded children from the time they are born. The sooner the diagnosis of mental retardation is made, the more the child can be helped. With mentally retarded infants, the treatment emphasis is on sensorimotor development, which can be stimulated by exercises and special types of play. It is required that special education programs be available for retarded children starting at three years of age. These programs concentrate on essential self-care, such as feeding, dressing, and toilet training.There is also specialized help available for language and communication difficulties and physical disabilities. As children grow older, training in daily living skills, as well as academic subjects, is offered. 90004 90003 Counseling and therapy are another important type of treatment for the mentally retarded. Retarded children as a group are prone to behavioral problems caused by short attention spans, low tolerance for frustration, and poor impulse control. 90007 Behavior therapy 90008 with a 90007 mental health 90008 professional can help combat negative behavior patterns and replace them with more functional ones.A counselor or therapist can also help retarded children cope with the low 90007 self-esteem 90008 that often results from the realization that they are different from other children, including siblings. Counseling can also be valuable for the family of a retarded child to help parents cope with painful feelings about the child’s condition, and with the extra time and patience needed for the care and education of a special-needs child. Siblings may need to talk about the pressures they face, such as accepting the extra time and attention their parents must devote to a retarded brother or sister.Sometimes parents have trouble 90007 bonding 90008 with an infant who is retarded and need professional help and reassurance to establish a close and loving relationship. 90004 90003 Current social and health care policies encourage keeping mentally retarded persons in their own homes or in informal group home settings rather than institutions. The variety of social and mental health services available to the mentally retarded, including pre-vocational and vocational training, are geared toward making this possible.90004 .90000 Identification and Evaluation of Mental Retardation 90001 90002 DONNA K. DAILY, M.D., HOLLY H. ARDINGER, M.D., and GRACE E. HOLMES, M.D., University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 90003 90002 90005 Am Fam Physician. 90006 2000 Feb 15; 61 (4): 1059-1067. 90003 90002 90009 See related patient information handout on mental retardation, written by the authors of this article. 90003 90002 Mental retardation in young children is often missed by clinicians.The condition is present in 2 to 3 percent of the population, either as an isolated finding or as part of a syndrome or broader disorder. Causes of mental retardation are numerous and include genetic and environmental factors. In at least 30 to 50 percent of cases, physicians are unable to determine etiology despite thorough evaluation. Diagnosis is highly dependent on a comprehensive personal and family medical history, a complete physical examination and a careful developmental assessment of the child.These will guide appropriate evaluations and referrals to provide genetic counseling, resources for the family and early intervention programs for the child. The family physician is encouraged to continue regular follow-up visits with the child to facilitate a smooth transition to adolescence and young adulthood. 90003 90002 The diagnosis of mental retardation in young children is frequently missed. The three most common errors made by clinicians who overlook the possibility of mental retardation are (1) concluding that a child does not «look» retarded, (2) assuming that a child who is ambulatory is unlikely to be retarded and, (3) if retardation is actually considered, concluding that it is not possible to test young children.1 90003 90015 Prevalence 90016 90002 Mental retardation is present in about 2 to 3 percent of the population. It can be defined as cognitive ability that is markedly below average level and a decreased ability to adapt to one’s environment. The onset of the condition occurs during the developmental period, i.e., gestation through age 18 years. 90003 90002 Mental retardation comprises five general categories: borderline, mild, moderate, severe and profound. Categories are based on scores obtained through use of age-standardized tests of cognitive ability (Table 1).2 Mental retardation may occur as part of a syndrome or broader disorder but is most commonly an isolated finding. 90003 90002 90022 View / Print Table 90023 90003 TABLE 1. 90025 Developmental Characteristics Related to Level of Mental Retardation (DSM-IV Criteria) 90026 90027 90028 90029 90030 Mild retardation 90031 90030 Moderate retardation 90031 90030 Severe retardation 90031 90030 Profound retardation 90031 90038 90039 90029 90041 90002 75% to 90% of all cases of retardation 90003 90044 90041 90002 ~ 10% to 25% of all cases of retardation 90003 90044 90041 90002 ~ 10% to 25% of all cases of retardation 90003 90044 90041 90002 ~ 10% to 25% of all cases of retardation 90003 90044 90038 90029 90041 90002 Function at one half to two thirds of CA (IQ: 50 to 70) 90003 90044 90041 90002 Function at one third to one half of CA (IQ: 35 to 49) 90003 90044 90041 90002 Function at one fifth to one third of CA (IQ: 20 to 34) 90003 90044 90041 90002 Function at

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