Твердые согласные звуки в русском языке: Твёрдые согласные буквы и звуки (таблица)

Значение словосочетания &laquoтвердые согласные звуки»

Источник (печатная версия): Словарь русского языка: В 4-х т. / РАН, Ин-т лингвистич. исследований; Под ред. А. П. Евгеньевой. — 4-е изд., стер. — М.: Рус. яз.; Полиграфресурсы, 1999;

(электронная версия): Фундаментальная электронная библиотека

Делаем Карту слов лучше вместе

Привет! Меня зовут Лампобот, я компьютерная программа, которая помогает делать Карту слов. Я отлично умею считать, но пока плохо понимаю, как устроен ваш мир. Помоги мне разобраться!

Спасибо! Я обязательно научусь отличать широко распространённые слова от узкоспециальных.

Насколько понятно значение слова коррелят (существительное):

Кристально
понятно

Понятно
в общих чертах

Могу только
догадываться

Понятия не имею,
что это

Другое
Пропустить

90000 General Info about Russian Sounds 90001 90002 The Russian language has 42 basic sounds: 6 vowels and 36 consonants. 90003 90004 Russian vowels 90005 90002 The basic vowel sounds of Russian are 90007 [a] 90008, 90007 [e] 90008, 90007 [o] 90008, 90007 [oo] 90008, 90007 [i] 90008, 90007 [i] 90008. There are also some other sounds which may occur in unstressed syllables, but they are very similar to above-mentioned sounds and have barely noticeable nuances. So, for practical purposes, we use only the basic sounds in all transcriptions on our site.Note also, that in unstressed syllables vowel sounds are a bit shorter and pronounced with less tension than in stressed syllables. 90019 Click here to open a popup to listen to these sounds 90003 90004 Russian consonants 90005 90002 There are 36 basic consonant sounds in Russian: 90003 90002 90007 [b] 90008, 90007 [b ‘] 90008, 90007 [p] 90008, 90007 [p’] 90008, 90007 [v] 90008, 90007 [v ‘] 90008, 90007 [f] 90008, 90007 [f’] 90008, 90007 [z] 90008, 90007 [z ‘] 90008, 90007 [s] 90008, 90007 [s’] 90008, 90007 [d] 90008, 90007 [d ‘] 90008, 90007 [t] 90008, 90007 [t ‘] 90008, 90007 [g] 90008, 90007 [g’] 90008, 90007 [k] 90008, 90007 [k ‘] 90008, 90007 [j] 90008, 90007 [sh] 90008, 90007 [m] 90008, 90007 [ m ‘] 90008, 90007 [sch] 90008, 90007 [n] 90008, 90007 [n’] 90008, 90007 [ch] 90008, 90007 [l] 90008, 90007 [l ‘] 90008, 90007 [ts] 90008, 90007 [r] 90008, 90007 [r ‘] 90008, 90007 [h] 90008, 90007 [h’] 90008, 90007 [y] 90008.90019 Click here to open a popup to listen to these sounds 90003 90002 There may be some differences in pronunciation of these sounds in different regions of Russia, but, for practical purposes, we will not devote much attention to this fact and use only the above signs in transcriptions on our site. 90003 90002 An important peculiarity of Russian phonetic system is its distinction based on palatalization of most of the consonants.Palatalization, also referred to as 90103 softness 90104, means that the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant. This position of the tongue is similar to the articulation of the vowel [i]. For this reason, the pronunciation of palatalized consonants may be achieved by training to pronounce the corresponding consonant together with vowel [i]. Most consonants in Russian language (but not all) come in pairs of plain vs. palatalized consonants. They are also called 90103 hard 90104 (for plain) and 90103 soft 90104 (for palatalized) consonants.90003 90002 In transcription softness is usually shown by the character 90007 [ ‘] 90008. On our site, we use this sign by default to indicate the softness in sections Russian Pronunciation and Reading in Russian. In other sections we do not show the softness by default since it may be confusing for the users who did not read this article. If you wish, you can always choose the option to make the softeness signs visible (see the page «Functions and settings: softness of consonant sounds».It should be mentioned that consonants are always soft before the sound [i], that is why we do not show the sign [ ‘] before this sound. Note that if you familiarize yourself with rules of reading you will easily determine occurrences of soft consonants even without transcription. 90003 90002 In Russian, there are 15 pairs of hard vs. soft consonans: [p — p ‘, b — b’, m — m ‘, f — f’, v — v ‘, t — t’, d — d ‘, s — s’, z — z ‘, l — l ‘, n — n’, r — r ‘, k — k’, g — g ‘, h — h’]. Other consonants do not have pairs, these are hard consonants [j, sh, ts] and soft consonants [sch, ch, y].90019 Click here to open a popup to listen to these sounds 90003 90002 Another important feature of Russian phonetic system is the opposition of 90103 voiced consonants 90104 vs. 90103 unvoiced consonants 90104. Voiced consonants are pronounced with vibration of vocal cords, while unvoiced consonants are pronounced with little or no vibration of vocal cords. There are 11 pairs of voiced vs. unvoiced consonants: [b — p, b ‘- p’, v — f, v ‘- f’, z — s, z ‘- s’, d — t, d ‘- t’, j — sh, g — k, g ‘- k’].Other consonants do not have pairs, these are voiced consonants [m, m ‘, n, n’, l, l ‘, r, r’, y] and unvoiced consonants [ts, ch, h, sch]. 90019 Click here to open a popup to listen to these sounds 90003 90002 One more thing that should be mentioned is that Russian consonants are pronounced with less tension than in English. If you want to have a good Russian pronunciation, you should pay a special attention to this fact. 90003 90002 Go to the next part of this section: Introductory phonetics course for Russian 90003 .90000 Sounding Like a Real Russian with Proper Pronunciation 90001 90002 90003 90004 90003 Languages ​​90004 90003 Russian 90004 90003 Sounding Like a Real Russian with Proper Pronunciation 90004 90011 90012 Compared to English pronunciation, which often has more exceptions than rules, Russian rules of pronunciation are fairly clear and consistent. 90013 90014 Understanding the one-letter-one-sound principle 90015 90012 Russian is a phonetic language, which means that for the most part one Russian letter corresponds to one sound.The letter K is always pronounced like k, and the letter M is always pronounced like m. This pattern is different from English, where a letter can be pronounced in different ways depending on where it shows up in a word. Consider the two different pronunciations for the letter c in the words cat and race. This difference almost never happens in Russian. 90013 90014 Giving voice to vowels 90015 90012 Vowels are the musical building blocks of every Russian word. If you flub a consonant or two, you’ll probably still be understood.But if you do not pronounce your vowels correctly, there’s a good chance you will not be understood at all. 90013 90022 Lengthening out vowels 90023 90012 If you want to sound more Russian, do not shorten your vowels like English speakers often do. Imagine, for example, that you’re in your room on the second floor, and your mom is downstairs in the kitchen. You call her by saying «Mo-o-o-m!» That’s the way Russians say their vowels (except for the shouting part!). 90013 90022 Accenting the right vowels 90023 90012 Stress is an important concept in Russian.Putting a stress in the wrong place is not just a formal mistake. The meaning of a word can change based on where the stress is. For example, the word zamok (zah-muhk) means «castle.» However, if you shift the stress from the first syllable to the last, the word zamok (zuh-mohk) now means «lock.» 90013 90012 Unfortunately, no hard and fast rules about stress exist. Stress in Russian is unpredictable and erratic, though you begin to recognize some patterns as you learn more. The harsh truth, however, is that each word has its own stress pattern.What happens if you stress the vowel in the wrong place? Certainly, nothing terrible. What may happen, however, is that the person with whom you’re trying to converse will have a hard time understanding you and take longer to grasp what you really mean. Before learning a new Russian word, find out which vowel to stress. Look in any Russian-English dictionary, which usually marks stress by putting the sign ‘over the stressed syllable. In a dictionary, zamok (zah-muhk; castle) is written za / mok, and zamok (zuh-mohk; lock) is written zamo / k.90013 90022 Vowels misbehavin ‘: Reduction 90023 90012 Some Russian letters change their behavior depending on whether they’re in a stressed or an unstressed syllable. The vowels a, o, ye, and ya do this a lot. When stressed, they behave normally and are pronounced in the usual way, but when they’re in an unstressed position, they go through a process called reduction. This deviation in the vowels ‘behavior is a very important linguistic phenomenon that deserves your special attention. Not knowing it is like a double-edged sword: not only does it take other people longer to understand you (they simply will not recognize the words you’re saying), but you also may find it hard to recognize the words you think you already know (but unfortunately store in your own memory with the wrong stress).90013 90022 Saying sibilants with vowels 90023 90012 The letters zh, ts, ch, sh, and sh ‘are called sibilants, because they emit a hissing sound. When certain vowels appear after these letters, those vowels are pronounced slightly differently than normal. After a sibilant, ye is pronounced like eh (as in end) and yo is pronounced like oh (as in talk). Examples are the words tsyentr (tsehntr; center) and shyol (shohl; went by foot; masculine). The sound ee always becomes ih after one of these sibilants, regardless of whether the ee sound comes from the letter i or from an unstressed ye.Take, for example, the words mashina (muh-shih-nuh; car) and bol’shye (bohl’-shih; bigger). 90013 90014 Enunciating consonants correctly 90015 90012 Like Russian vowels, Russian consonants follow certain patterns and rules of pronunciation. If you want to sound like a real Russian, you need to keep the basics in the following sections in mind. 90013 90022 Say it, do not spray it! Relaxing with consonants 90023 90012 When pronouncing the letters p, t, or k, English speakers are used to straining their tongue and lips.This strain results in what linguists call aspiration — a burst of air that comes out of your mouth as you say these sounds. To see what we’re talking about, put your hand in front of your mouth and say the word «top.» You should feel air against your hand as you pronounce the word. 90013 90012 In Russian, however, aspiration should not happen because consonants are pronounced without aspiration. In other words, say it, do not spray it! In fact, you should totally relax your tongue and lips before saying Russian p, t, or k.For example, imagine somebody who’s just had a stroke. She will not be able to put too much effort into her consonants. Believe it or not, that’s almost the way you should say your Russian consonants. Relax your speech organs as much as possible, and you’ll say it correctly. To practice saying consonants without unnecessary aspiration, again put your hand in front of your mouth and say Russian cognates park (pahrk), lampa (lahm-puh), and tank (tahnk). Practice until you do not produce a puff of air with these words! 90013 90022 Cat got your tongue? Consonants losing their voice 90023 90012 Some consonants (b, v, g, d, zh, and z) are called voiced consonants because they’re pronounced with the voice.Practice saying them out loud and you’ll see it’s true. 90013 90012 But when voiced consonants appear at the end of a word, a strange thing happens to them: They actually lose their voice. This process is called devoicing. They’re still spelled the same, but in their pronunciation, they transform into their devoiced counterparts: 90013 90056 90003 Zh is pronounced like sh. 90004 90059 90012 Here are some examples: 90013 90056 90003 You write Smirnov but pronounce it as smeer-nohf because v at the end of the word is pronounced like f.90004 90059 90056 90003 You write garazh (garage) but say guh-rahsh, because at the end of the word, zh loses its voice and is pronounced like sh. 90004 90059 90022 Nutty clusters: Pronouncing consonant combinations 90023 90012 Russian speech often sounds like an endless flow of consonant clusters. Combinations of two, three, and even four consonants are quite common. Take, for example, the common word for hello in Russian — zdravstvujtye (zdrah-stvooy-tee), which has two difficult consonant combinations (zdr and vstv).Or take the word for opinion in Russian — vzglyad (vzglyat). The word contains four consonants following one another: vzgl. 90013 90012 How in the world do Russians say these words without choking? They practice. Here are some words that contain consonant clusters you may want to repeat at leisure: 90013 90056 90003 obstoyatyel’stvo (uhp-stah-ya-teel’-stvuh; circumstance) 90004 90059 90056 90003 pozdravlyat ‘(puh-zdruhv-lyat’; to congratulate) 90004 90059 90056 90003 prestuplyeniye (pree-stoo-plyen-ee-ye; crime) 90004 90059 90056 90003 Rozhdyestvo (ruzh-deest-voh; Christmas) 90004 90059 90056 90003 vzglyanut ‘(vzglee-noot’; to look / glance) 90004 90059 .90000 Similarities And Differences «Language Learning Tricks 90001 90002 Learning Russian? Whether you’re enrolled in a class or use a modern method like online learning, this quick guide should give you a good primer about what to expect. Hopefully, it can help you begin your lessons just a little more prepared, cutting down on that learning hurdle you’ll face at the start. 90003 90002 The best way to get a jumpstart in learning a language is to understand how it compares and contrasts to your own.Since we’re assuming you’re a native (or fairly fluent) English speaker, then we’ll use that to detail the more notable qualities that differentiate Russian as a language. 90003 90002 How easy will it be to learn Russian? Well, English and Russian are very different in a lot of important language aspects. As such, it will help for native English speakers to let go of many preconceived notions before undertaking a course in it. 90003 90002 On a difficulty scale, many language learners rate Russian as being somewhere in the middle — not quite as easy for English speakers to learn as Spanish or French, but nowhere near as challenging as Chinese or Arabic.While my exposure to Russian is entry-level at best, I’ve found it an easy language to speak. By speak, though, I mean talk in malformed but somewhat audible sentences. The real challenge, I believe, is being able to form sentences — Russian grammar is a big departure from what you’re used to in English. In terms of sounds and pronunciations, though, it’s quite easy, so you can parrot speakers on YouTube quite capably if you want to get a good feel for the spoken language. 90003 90002 1. Language Family 90003 90002 Russian is part of the Slavonic branch of the Indo-European languages, while English is a Romanic language.While English share a lot in common with languages ​​like Spanish and Italian, Russian is a lot closer to other Slav languages ​​like Polish and Czech. 90003 90002 2. Alphabet 90003 90002 Russian uses the Cyrillic alphabet, some letters from which share similarities with the Latin alphabet used in English. Those new characters, though, will likely be the first hurdle when it comes to reading and writing in Russian for second-language learners, so spend ample time learning them. 90003 90002 3. Phonology 90003 90002 The phonological systems of Russian and English are very different.It’s why you rarely see Russians (even those who lived in the States for a long time) talk like native English speakers. Why is that? Because Russian only has five vowel sounds, while English has 12. In Russian, there’s also no distinction between short and long vowels; in English, there are five long and seven short vowel sounds, along with eight diphthongs. As a result, native Russian speakers who speak English flawlessly is not that common. 90003 90002 The good news for English speakers is, the reverse is true for those of you learning Russian.Because you used to a wider pool of sounds, there’s a good chance you’ll be able to handle most any sound in the target language. The only challenge is resisting to use English sounds that are not quite used in Russian — something you’ll probably struggle with in the early stages. 90003 90002 Consonants in Russian and English are roughly the same amount. Their sounds, however, are not fully compatible, so you’ll have to practice on some sounds that are not the most familiar to lifelong English speakers.90003 90002 Just like English, Russian has variable stress patterns, so vowel sounds can change depending on whether a letter is stressed or unstressed, while consonant sounds can change when a letter is either hard or soft. In Russian, you always accentuate one syllable in a word, as opposed to saying everything with the same strength. Also, there are no hard and fast rules when it comes to stress, so you’ll have to learn it for each individual word you commit to memory. Look forward to learning and practicing when to make which sound — you’ll need that in order to earn a good grasp of skills in the vernacular.90003 90002 4. Grammar 90003 90002 The biggest grammar difference: Russian and English use the verb system in different ways. In Russian, usage is based on aspect, where actions are either completed or not completed. Aspect is shown by appending affixes to the root verb. 90003 90002 In English, we have progressive and perfect verb tenses, which help avoid the need for using affixes through the extensive use of auxiliary verbs. This is a major sticking point for a lot of language learners, as using the Russian verb system just does not come all that naturally.Chances are, you’ll want to put in a lot of practice time forming sentences in order to master this area specifically. 90003 90002 This same tendency of changing the composition of words is present throughout most of Russian grammar, which makes things a lot more difficult compared to the English standard of merely adding new words to alter meaning. Such is the situation with «cases,» which does not exist in English grammar. In Russian, however, the tail end of nouns and adjectives will always change depending on their function and position in the sentence.Be very wary of this difference (and the one with verbs above) — those two, in particular, lead to the most difficult time constructing proper sentences in Russian. 90003 90002 Gender is another potential sticking point. In Russian, all nouns are either one of three genders. You never refer to anything as an «it» the way we normally do in English. Chances are, you’ll mess this up a lot since there’s no real shortcut to figuring out gender — you’ll have to learn which is which for each noun you memorize individually.90003 90002 The last big difference is the lack of articles in Russian. There’s a likelihood that you’ll feel very awkward forming sentences without articles in the beginning. You’ll get used to it the more exposure you have to the language, however. 90003 90002 5. Phonetics 90003 90002 Russian is a phonetic language, making it easy to figure out spelling from pronunciation and vice versa. As long as you have good fundamentals on the different sounds in the language, this should make memorizing vocabulary just a little easier — absolutely no tricks necessary.90003 .