Какая часть речи сквозь в русском языке: Слово «сквозь» какая часть речи?

Как отличить предлог от наречия? Примеры и таблица

В рус­ском язы­ке суще­ству­ет целый пласт про­из­вод­ных пред­ло­гов от дру­гих частей речи. Как отли­чить такой пред­лог от омо­ни­мич­но­го (похо­же­го по зву­ча­нию и напи­са­нию) наре­чия? Давайте раз­бе­рём­ся в этом.

Как отличить предлог от наречия?

Начнем с того, что пред­лог вме­сте с суще­стви­тель­ным, место­име­ни­ем (дру­гой частью речи, заме­ня­ю­щей суще­стви­тель­ное) обра­зу­ет падеж­ную фор­му. Иначе гово­ря, пред­лог нахо­дит­ся впе­ре­ди (ино­гда сза­ди) суще­стви­тель­но­го. В пред­ло­же­нии это син­так­си­че­ски неде­ли­мое объ­еди­не­ние, кото­рое отве­ча­ет на один общий вопрос паде­жа:

• прой­ти (мимо чего?) мимо ворот
• усел­ся (напро­тив кого?) напро­тив меня
• посту­пить (вопре­ки чему?) вопре­ки воле отца 

Предлог, как видим, не явля­ет­ся само­сто­я­тель­ным. Это слу­жеб­ная часть речи.

Наречие при­мы­ка­ет к глаголу-сказуемому и отве­ча­ет, как пра­ви­ло, на обсто­я­тель­ствен­ные вопро­сы, так как явля­ет­ся в пред­ло­же­нии обсто­я­тель­ством. Вот это кар­ди­наль­ное отли­чие пред­ло­гов от наре­чий: пред­лог в само­сто­я­тель­ном виде не явля­ет­ся чле­ном пред­ло­же­ния. К нему нель­зя задать вопрос в отдель­но­сти.

Сравним:

Вокруг дома раз­рос­лись пыш­ные кусты сире­ни.

Вокруг было так тихо, что слы­шен был полет шме­ля.

В пер­вом пред­ло­же­нии мы сра­зу долж­ны уви­деть, что сло­во «вокруг» сто­ит перед суще­стви­тель­ным и созда­ет вме­сте с ним фор­му роди­тель­но­го паде­жа. Значит, это пред­лог + суще­стви­тель­ное.

Разбирая пред­ло­же­ния по его чле­нам, мы спро­сим: «Разрослись где?» Ответим: «Вокруг дома». Это обсто­я­тель­ство, выра­жен­ное суще­стви­тель­ным с про­из­вод­ным пред­ло­гом. Обстоятельство под­чер­ки­ва­ем соот­вет­ству­ю­щей лини­ей, при­ня­той в син­так­си­се рус­ско­го язы­ка.

Во вто­ром пред­ло­же­нии от ска­зу­е­мо­го «было тихо» зада­дим вопрос: «Было тихо где?» — «Вокруг».

К сло­ву «вокруг» зада­дим вопрос обсто­я­тель­ства. Значит, это само­сто­я­тель­ное сло­во — наре­чие, а не слу­жеб­ное, како­вым явля­ет­ся пред­лог.

Сравните упо­треб­ле­ние омо­ни­мич­ных наре­чий и пред­ло­гов в сле­ду­ю­щих пред­ло­же­ни­ях:

Он дол­го ходил око­ло дома, не реша­ясь посту­чать в дверь.

Сторожевые соба­ки смир­но сиде­ли око­ло.

Вблизи бере­га реки рос­ли густые камы­ши.

Ни одной живой души не было вид­но вбли­зи.

Густая тол­па мед­лен­но  идет мимо нас.

Чужие люди рав­но­душ­но про­хо­дят мимо.

Покажем так­же слож­ные слу­чаи опре­де­ле­ния про­из­вод­но­го пред­ло­га в слу­чае пере­ста­нов­ки слов (инвер­сии) в поэ­ти­че­ской речи.

Он все­гда посту­пал судь­бе напе­ре­кор.

Я жда­ла и вери­ла серд­цу вопре­ки.

В этих пред­ло­же­ни­ях нуж­но про­сто вер­нуть сло­ва «напе­ре­кор» и «вопре­ки» на свои закон­ные места перед суще­стви­тель­ным.  Сразу ста­нет ясно, что это про­из­вод­ные пред­ло­ги, а не сло­ва само­сто­я­тель­ной части речи.

Таблица

Примеры предлогов, производных от наречий

вокруг леса, вдоль линии, вслед поез­ду, напе­ре­рез авто­мо­би­лю, посре­дине кру­га, сбо­ку ящи­ка, сверх обе­щан­но­го, соглас­но рас­пи­са­нию, после ужи­на, мимо пар­ка, напро­тив арки, про­тив вхо­да, вбли­зи рощи, напе­ре­кор воле роди­те­лей, поза­ди зда­ния.

Видеоурок

Скачать ста­тью: PDF90000 Parts of Speech Overview // Purdue Writing Lab 90001 90002 Parts of Speech Overview 90003 90004 90005 Summary: 90006 90007 90004 This handout defines the basic parts of speech and provides examples of their uses in sentences. Links to more handouts and exercises on particular parts of speech are also provided. If you are learning English as a Second Language (ESL), you may also want to browse through a complete listing of our ESL resources. 90007 90010 Nouns 90011 90004 A noun is a word that denotes a person, place, or thing.In a sentence, nouns answer the questions who and what. 90007 90004 Example: The 90015 dog 90016 ran after the 90015 ball 90016. 90007 90004 In the sentence above, there are two nouns, 90015 dog 90016 and 90015 ball 90016. A noun may be concrete (something you can touch, see, etc.), like the nouns in the example above, or a noun may be abstract, as in the sentences below. 90007 90004 Example 1: She possesses 90015 integrity 90016. 90007 90004 Example 2: He was searching for 90015 love 90016.90007 90004 The abstract concepts of 90015 integrity 90016 and 90015 love 90016 in the sentences above are both nouns. Nouns may also be proper. 90007 90004 Example 1: She visited 90015 Chicago 90016 every year. 90007 90004 Example 2: 90015 Thanksgiving 90016 is in 90015 November 90016. 90007 90004 90015 Chicago 90016, 90015 Thanksgiving 90016, and 90015 November 90016 are all proper nouns, and they should be capitalized. (For more information on proper nouns and when to capitalize words, see our handout on Capital Letters.) 90007 90004 You may also visit our handout on Count and Noncount Nouns. 90007 90004 Learn how to spot verbs that act as nouns. Visit our handout on Verbals: Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives. 90007 90010 Pronouns 90011 90004 A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence. 90007 90004 Example: 90015 She 90016 decided to go to a movie. 90007 90004 In the sentence above, 90015 she 90016 is the pronoun. Like nouns, pronouns may be used either as subjects or as objects in a sentence.90007 90004 Example: 90015 She 90016 planned to ask 90015 him 90016 for an interview. 90007 90004 In the example above, both 90015 she 90016 and 90015 him 90016 are pronouns; 90015 she 90016 is the subject of the sentence while 90015 him 90016 is the object. Every subject pronoun has a corresponding object form, as shown in the table below. 90007 90090 90091 90092 90093 90005 Subject and Object Pronouns 90006 90096 90097 90092 90099 90015 Subject Pronouns 90016 90096 90099 90015 Object Pronouns 90016 90096 90097 90092 90099 I 90096 90099 Me 90096 90097 90092 90099 We 90096 90099 Us 90096 90097 90092 90099 You 90096 90099 You 90096 90097 90092 90099 She 90096 90099 Her 90096 90097 90092 90099 He 90096 90099 Him 90096 90097 90092 90099 It 90096 90099 It 90096 90097 90092 90099 They 90096 90099 Them 90096 90097 90150 90151 90004 For more information on pronouns, go to our handout on Pronouns.90007 90004 To find out what part of speech are 90015 that 90016, 90015 which 90016, and 90015 whom 90016? Visit our handout on Relative Pronouns. 90007 90010 Articles 90011 90004 Articles include 90015 a 90016, 90015 an 90016, and 90015 the 90016. They precede a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence. 90007 90004 Example 1: They wanted 90015 a 90016 house with 90015 a 90016 big porch. 90007 90004 Example 2: He bought 90015 the 90016 blue sweater on sale. 90007 90004 In example 1, the article 90015 a 90016 precedes the noun 90015 house 90016, and 90015 a 90016 also precedes the noun phrase 90015 big porch 90016, which consists of an adjective (big) and the noun it describes (porch).In example 2, the article 90015 the 90016 precedes the noun phrase 90015 blue sweater 90016, in which 90015 sweater 90016 is the noun and 90015 blue, 90016 the adjective. 90007 90004 For more information, go to our handouts on Articles: A vs. An and How to Use Articles (a / an / the). 90007 90010 Adjectives 90011 90004 An adjective is a word that modifies, or describes, a noun or pronoun. Adjectives may precede nouns, or they may appear after a form of the reflexive verb to be (am, are, is, was, etc.). 90007 90004 Example 1: We live in the 90015 red brick 90016 house. 90007 90004 Example 2: She is 90015 tall 90016 for her age. 90007 90004 In example 1, two consecutive adjectives, 90015 red 90016 and 90015 brick 90016, both describe the noun house. In example 2, the adjective 90015 tall 90016 appears after the reflexive verb 90015 is 90016 and describes the subject, 90015 she 90016. 90007 90004 For more on adjectives, go to our handouts Adjective or Adverb and How to Use Adjectives and Adverbs.90007 90010 Verbs 90011 90004 A verb is a word that denotes action, or a state of being, in a sentence. 90007 90004 Example 1: Beth 90015 rides 90016 the bus every day. 90007 90004 Example 2: Paul 90015 was 90016 an avid reader. 90007 90004 In example 1, 90015 rides 90016 is the verb; it describes what the subject, Beth, does. In example 2, 90015 was 90016 describes Paul’s state of being and is therefore the verb. 90007 90004 There may be multiple verbs in a sentence, or there may be a verb phrase consisting of a verb plus a helping verb.90007 90004 Example 1: She 90015 turned 90016 the key and 90015 opened 90016 the door. 90007 90004 Example 2: Jackson 90015 was studying 90016 when I saw him last. 90007 90004 In example 1, the subject 90015 she 90016 performs two actions in the sentence, 90015 turned 90016 and 90015 opened 90016. In example 2, the verb phrase is 90015 was studying 90016. 90007 90004 Some words in a sentence may look like verbs but act as something else, like a noun; these are called verbals.For more information on verbs that masquerade as other parts of speech, go to our handout on Verbals: Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives. 90007 90004 To learn more about conjugating verbs, visit our handouts on Verb Tenses, Irregular Verbs, and Two-Part (Phrasal) Verbs (Idioms). 90007 90010 Adverbs 90011 90004 Just as adjectives modify nouns, adverbs modify, or further describe, verbs. Adverbs may also modify adjectives. (Many, though not all, adverbs end in — 90015 ly 90016.) 90007 90004 Example 1: He waved 90015 wildly 90016 to get her attention.90007 90004 Example 2: The shirt he wore to the party was 90015 extremely 90016 bright. 90007 90004 In the first example, the adverb 90015 wildly 90016 modifies the verb 90015 waved 90016. In the second example, the adverb 90015 extremely 90016 modifies the adjective 90015 bright 90016, which describes the noun 90015 shirt 90016. While nouns answer the questions 90015 who 90016 and 90015 what 90016, adverbs answer the questions 90015 how 90016, 90015 when 90016, 90015 why 90016, and 90015 where 90016.90007 90004 For a more detailed discussion of adverbs, visit our handout Adjective or Adverb and become an expert. 90007 90010 Conjunctions 90011 90004 A conjunction is a word that joins two independent clauses, or sentences, together. 90007 90004 Example 1: Ellen wanted to take a drive into the city, 90015 but 90016 the cost of gasoline was too high. 90007 90004 Example 2: Richard planned to study abroad in Japan, 90015 so 90016 he decided to learn the language. 90007 90004 In the examples above, both 90015 but 90016 and 90015 so 90016 are conjunctions.They join two complete sentences with the help of a comma. 90015 And, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet 90016 can all act as conjunctions. 90007 90010 Prepositions 90011 90004 Prepositions work in combination with a noun or pronoun to create phrases that modify verbs, nouns / pronouns, or adjectives. Prepositional phrases convey a spatial, temporal, or directional meaning. 90007 90004 Example 1: Ivy climbed 90015 up 90016 the brick wall 90015 of 90016 the house. 90007 90004 There are two prepositional phrases in the example above: 90015 up the brick wall 90016 and 90015 of the house 90016.The first prepositional phrase is an adverbial phrase, since it modifies the verb by describing where the ivy climbed. The second phrase further modifies the noun 90015 wall 90016 (the object of the first prepositional phrase) and describes which wall the ivy climbs. 90007 90004 For a more detailed discussion on this part of speech and its functions, click on Prepositions. 90007 90004 Below is a list of prepositions in the English language: 90007 90004 Aboard, about, above, across, after, against, along, amid, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, during, except, for, from, in , into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, out, over, past, since, through, throughout, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, with, within, without.90007 .